Concurrent Sessions 5 - (NBCC CE Credit: #1 hr and Conference Attendance Credit: #1 hr)

218-01: Russian Couple's Satisfaction: Religiosity, Equality, and Virtues
Ilya Okhotnikov, Nathan Wood

Summary
This study evaluated the relational spirituality framework (RSF; Mahoney, 2010) in a cross-cultural context in Russia. The RSF suggested that relational virtues mediate the link between religiosity and relationship satisfaction in North American samples. Similarly, authors found various indirect, direct, and one total (and totally surprising) effects among variables in pathway analysis of data received from an online survey of 529 individuals. The key contribution of this work included important initial evidence (pending further verification) that Mahoney's RSF might be applicable in (religiously and relationally different) Russian context and that religiosity connected to couple's satisfaction for Russian men and women via different pathways. This was an innovative and informative cross-cultural application of Mahoney's RSF in the Russian context for the first time.

Objectives
-- To evaluate the applicability of relational spirituality framework in a cross-cultural context, specifically among Russian speakers living mostly in Russia.
-- To test the relational religiosity model to acquire estimates of statistically significant direct, indirect, and total effects 5-fold religiosity on couple's satisfaction through equality and relational virtues of men and women in heterosexual relationships.
-- To demonstrate the differences and similarities in relational processes of couple's satisfaction, if any, between Russian-speaking men and women.

Subject Codes: family processes, interpersonal relationships, relationship quality
Population Codes: international (Non-U.S.), cross-cultural, religious /religiosity
Method and Approach Codes: applied research, cross-cultural, path analysis

218-02: The Role of Family Context During Family Instability in Four Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam
Rebecca Oldroyd, Kristin Hadfield

Summary
The instability hypothesis posits that the stress associated with family structure transitions leads to negative child outcomes. However, family structure transitions often have no impact on child outcomes, suggesting that there are circumstances in which some transitions are more stressful than others. Using the longitudinal Young Lives cohort (N=8,000), we found that stress did not mediate the link between transitions and health for children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, or Vietnam, despite transitions directly leading to poorer child health in Peru. Using multilevel moderated mediation, we found that household size did not influence how stressful family structure transitions are. Parental social support will be tested as a moderator to further understand the conditions under which transitions lead to stress and poorer child health in these countries.

Objectives
-- To test whether stress mediates the link between family structure transitions and child physical health in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.
-- To test the conditions under which family structure transitions lead to stress for children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.
-- To understand how context influences the relationship between family structure transitions and child physical health.

Subject Codes: family structure, physical health, stress
Population Codes: cross-cultural, low income, middle income
Method and Approach Codes: secondary data analysis, multilevel modeling, longitudinal research

218-04: The Effects of Family Structure on Children's Education and Health, and Father Involvement in South Africa
Spencer Sandberg, Spencer James

Summary
A large body of literature has explored the relationship between family structure and child well-being in developed countries. Much less is known about this relationship in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Using the5th wave of South Africa's National Income Dynamics Study, we observe the relationship between family structure and children's education and health outcomes in South Africa. Results from regression analyses indicate that children of divorced parents fare better in each of these categories than children whose parents are married, cohabiting, or deceased. Additionally, children of married parents fare better than those whose parents are cohabiting or deceased. This research contributes to enrichening our understanding of family dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa as well as our understanding of family structure and child well-being.

Objectives
-- To understand the dynamics of family structure in South Africa
-- To understand the impact of various family structures on children's well-being in South Africa
-- To examine child well-being in South Africa across multiple dimensions

Subject Codes: family structure, well-being
Population Codes: African, adolescence, international (Non-U.S.)
Method and Approach Codes: quantitative methodology, regression: linear (simple, multiple, hierarchical), regression: logistic (binary, ordinal, or multinomial)

218-05: Marital Relationship Quality and Sibling Relationship Quality in Urban Mainland China in the Era of Two-Child Policy
Chang Su-Russell

Summary
In 2015, China ended its only-child policy. The current study investigated factors associated with sibling relationships in early childhood in urban China following this transition. Families with two young children (age ‰¤ 8) were recruited from ten research sites (daycare centers and first grade classrooms). Participating parents reported on their marital relationship quality, and children's characteristics and sibling relationship. Results showed marital relationship quality was not directly related to firstborn children's positive sibling involvement but was indirectly associated through firstborn's empathy. Emotion regulation and empathy of firstborn children directly contributed to positive involvement with younger siblings. Findings suggest practitioners working with Chinese families should consider attending to both parents' marital relationship, and firstborn children's socioemotional competences to help foster positive sibling relationships during early childhood.

Objectives
-- To examine the association between marital relationship quality and sibling relationship quality
-- To investigate the mediation effect of child characteristics on the association between marital relationship quality and sibling relationship quality
-- To suggest practical strategies for working with Chinese families during the transition to siblinghood in mainland China.

Subject Codes: family relations
Population Codes: Asian/Pacific Islander, early childhood, siblings
Method and Approach Codes: path analysis, mediation/indirect effects models

218-03: Cross-cultural Comparison of Parental Involvement Between U.S. and Korea
Qiujie Gong, Esra Sahin, Hanjin Bae, Karen Kramer

Summary
Parental involvement, parental active participation in home and academic activities, is a gendered practice. While substantial attention has been devoted to study parental involvement as a gendered practice, less attention has been devoted to the role of culture in parental involvement. We use the concept of cultural models, to compare parental involvement and parenting style in the US and Korea. Data is drawn from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS, N=14,026) and the Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS, N=7,548). We find that gendered involvement practices are present in both the US and Korea but are much more pronounced in Korea. American and Korean mothers show similar patterns of involvement but American fathers are much more involved than Korea fathers in non-academic activities with their children. Income, education and other factors are strong predictors of American fathers' involvement but not of Korean fathers. We discuss implications for research and practice.

Objectives
-- To analyze parental involvement from a cross-cultural family perspective
-- To understand the role of culture in parental involvement in the US and Korea
-- To analyze determinants of father involvement in the US and Korea

Subject Codes: gender roles, parent-child relationships
Population Codes: nationally-representative, cross-cultural
Method and Approach Codes: regression: linear (simple, multiple, hierarchical)

Facilitator: Rosemary William Eustace