Concurrent Sessions 6 - (NBCC CE Credit: #1 hr and Conference Attendance Credit: #1 hr)

230-02: Differential Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Adolescents' Academic Expectations
Mellissa Gordon, Bridgette Johnson

Summary
Between 87 and 94% of African American youth have reported experiencing a discriminatory event. Racial discrimination has become so intricately woven into today's American society, such that some incidences may occur without the explicit mention or reference to an individual's race. Because of this, some researchers have focused on participants' everyday experiences, in their examination of racial discrimination. Others however, explore participants' experiences, by explicitly identifying race. The current study investigated whether there are differential effects between everyday discrimination and discrimination specific to race. Social support was also investigated as a mediator. Results suggested that discrimination based on everyday experiences was negatively associated with academic expectations. Interestingly, an opposite effect was found for discrimination specific to race. Implications of findings are discussed.

Objectives
-- To test the premise of Critical Race Theory.
-- To examine the differential effects of various discrimination on African American adolescents' development.
-- To disentangle the mediating effects of social support within the context of racial discrimination.

Subject Codes: race, discrimination, education
Population Codes: African Americans, adolescence, K-12
Method and Approach Codes: path analysis, quantitative methodology, secondary data analysis

230-03: The Maltreatment of American Indian Children in Foster Care and Adoption
Ashley Landers, Avery Campbell, Sharon Danes, Shamora Merritt, Sandy White Hawk

Summary
This study explores the maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption. When studies report on the race of children maltreated in foster care or after adopted, American Indian children are not typically part of the racial classification. Grounded in Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response Theory, this study utilized data from the Experiences of Adopted and Fostered Individuals Project(n= 230) which were analyzed using chi square analyses and a t test. American Indian children were more likely to experience physical, sexual, and spiritual maltreatment in foster care or adoption. American Indian children were also more likely to experience poly-victimization in comparison to their White peers. This study expands upon previous literature by utilizing a retrospective self-report of maltreatment and specifically examining American Indian children in comparison to their White counterparts.

Objectives
-- To apply Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response Theory to examine differences in physical, sexual, emotional, and spiritual maltreatment in foster and adoptive homes for American Indian children in comparison to their White counterparts.
-- To examine differences in the poly-victimization in foster care and adoption of American Indian children in comparison to their White counterparts.
-- To demonstrate the increased risk for subsequent maltreatment that American Indian children experience in comparison to their White counterparts.

Subject Codes: abuse/neglect, adoption, foster care
Population Codes: American Indian/Alaskan Native/First Nations, adopted child, foster child
Method and Approach Codes: community participation/action research, diversity, secondary data analysis

230-04: How Colorism Gets "Under the Skin": The Role of Discrimination and Cortisol on Health of African-American and Latinx Young Adults
Antoinette Landor, Katharine Zeiders

Summary
Healthy People 2020set the resolution to eliminate health disparities as a goal yet there is little progress to date. Compared to whites, African Americans and Latinx continue to be at greater risk for deleterious health outcomes. Racial discrimination is one stressor found to contribute to elevated health risks. Less, however, is known about the effects of colorism/skin tone experiences on health. Consistent with this year's theme, Family Expansions, Expanding Families, this research expands family science knowledge on the health consequences of discrimination by focuses on how racial discrimination and cortisol mediate the link between skin tone and compromised health. Identifying the salient role of both race and skin tone experiences on health may help intervention efforts to eliminate health disparities among African Americans and Latinx.

Objectives
-- To define and describe colorism (via skin tone bias).
-- To illustrate how colorism and racial discrimination play a significant role in the lives of African American and Latinx young adults.
-- To examine the mediating pathways of racial discrimination and cortisol that link skin tone to physical health.

Subject Codes: discrimination, stress, well-being
Population Codes: African Americans, Hispanic/Latina/o/x, emerging/young adulthood
Method and Approach Codes: path analysis, quantitative methodology, longitudinal research

Facilitator: Shardé McNeil Smith