Concurrent Sessions 8 - (NBCC CE Credit: #1 hr and Conference Attendance Credit: #1 hr)

316-01: Making Sense of Apartheid: Intergenerational Family Storytelling and Child Socialization
Haley Horstman, Olivia Watson, Athena Pedro

Summary
Grounded in narrative theorizing, we investigated South African parent-child storytelling and socialization about apartheid. The legacy of apartheid affects the identity, worldview, and behaviors of the post-apartheid generation (i.e., born after 1994). Narrative theorizing posits that sense-making about individual and cultural trauma, such as apartheid, occurs through parents and children co-creating stories about those experiences. We interviewed 22 South African parents from the four apartheid racial groups -- Black, "Coloured," Indian, and White -- about their intergenerational family stories about apartheid. Two supra-themes emerged: approaches(protective buffering, selective delegation, progressive disclosure, and candid openness) and lessons (understand your roots, be grateful, know you can succeed, and believe the truth.) Findings advance narrative theorizing and family relationship research by exploring the rich texture of South African parent-child relationships.

Objectives
-- To analyze parent-child storytelling of apartheid from a narrative theory perspective
-- To understand the lessons parents impart upon their children about apartheid
-- To use findings from this study to create programming to help South African parents better talk with their children about the complexities of apartheid

Subject Codes: parent-child relationships, socialization, communication
Population Codes: African, international (Non-U.S.), biological parent
Method and Approach Codes: narrative, qualitative methodology, multicultural

316-02: Mothers' Childbearing Decision in the Era of Two-Child Policy in Mainland China
Chang Su-Russell, Caroline Sanner

Summary
China's Two-Child policy was enacted in 2016 given low birth rates and imbalanced sex ratios resulting from the almost 40-year Only Child policy implemented in 1978. This major policy change has created a new sociopolitical context within which parents make decisions about childbearing. Guided by family development theory (Mattessich & Hill, 1987), the current investigation explores mothers' childbearing decision making as they transition from establishment stage to first parenthood to their firstborn's transition to siblinghood. Qualitative responses were collected from 131 mothers in northeast China about the factors their guided their childbearing decision-making processes for the first child and for the second child in the context of Two-Child policy. Implications are discussed for policy makers and family life educators when working with Chinese families who go through the new normative transition with the arrival of a second child.

Objectives
-- To explore and identify factors that influence Chinese mothers' childbearing decision making to have their first and second child in mainland China.
-- To investigate the extent to which key decision-making factors are similar or different when having a first child compared to having a second child among Chinese mothers in mainland China.
-- To provide suggestions to policy makers and family life educators when working with Chinese families transitioning to siblinghood in the face of Two-Child policy.

Subject Codes: motherhood, decision making
Population Codes: Asian/Pacific Islander, emerging/young adulthood
Method and Approach Codes: qualitative methodology

316-03: Familial Sex Trafficking Among the Bedia of India: Defying the Dominant Human Trafficking Discourse
Rochelle Dalla, Kaitlin Roselius, Sarah Erwin, Jessie Peter

Summary
The human trafficking literature readily identifies common factors which heighten "risk" for family-based sex trafficking victimization. Noteworthy too is that policy and practice (i.e., services) are often based on conceptualizations of "victims" and "perpetrators" who dominate the human trafficking discourse. Yet, it is unknown the extent to which unique cultural groups, such as the Bedia, are reflected in that literature. The Bedia of India practice family-sanctioned, intergenerational and caste-based prostituion--and are largely absent in the empriical literature.This investigationwas intended to examine the unique experiences of sex trafficked Bedia women and girls in relation to what is currently understood about sex trafficking via the human trafficking literature. Results suggest, first, with the exception of poverty, no other CSI-entry "risk factors" prevalent in the HT literature apply to the Bedia. Further, the Bedia defy much of the dominant HT discourse-- particularly its characterization and delimitation of "victim" and "perpetrator".

Objectives
-- To identify factors which place Bedia at risk for entry into the commercial sex industry (CSI)
-- To examine "risk factors" for CSI entry among the Bedia in relation to the current human trafficking literature
-- To examine the extent to which sex trafficking among the Bedia reflects the dominant HT discourse €”with particular attention to the "ideal" victim and perpetrator conceptualizations

Subject Codes: family processes, human trafficking, diversity
Population Codes: cross-cultural, those in poverty, international (Non-U.S.)
Method and Approach Codes: phenomenology, qualitative methodology, content analysis

Facilitator: Grace H. Chung