More Than an Afterthought: Importance of Family in U.S. Refugee Resettlement
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In Brief
- Family separation causes refugees distress.
- Recent changes to United States refugee resettlement have created barriers to family reunification.
- Family Science practitioners and researchers are situated to document effects of family separation, to support refugees through family-centered interventions, to advocate for improved policies, and to educate future leaders.
The first refugee legislation in the United States was drafted in 1948 following World War II, although the refugee program in its current form dates to the 1980 Refugee Act, which standardized public–private partnerships and the provision of services to refugees across the country (Office of Refugee Resettlement, 2019). In the past decade, the refugee ceiling, or the number of refugees who may be admitted annually to the United States, has hovered between 70,000 and 85,000. Recent changes to immigration policy and surrounding rhetoric not only have turned the emphasis away from family but also have resulted in a drastic reduction of admitted refugees from 84,995 in 2016 to a proposed 18,000 for fiscal year 2020, the lowest on record since the enactment of the Refugee Act (Migration Policy Institute, 2019). These reduced numbers—in tandem with sweeping executive orders since January 2017—have limited opportunities for family reunification, prolonging the time that refugees spend without family support. This has implications for refugees’ psychosocial well-being and integration (Miller, Hess, Bybee, & Goodkind, 2018).
Family Science researchers and practitioners are uniquely positioned to document how family separation affects refugees’ health and social well-being, to support refugees’ well-being in precarious times through evidence-informed clinical and community interventions, and to engage in advocacy and education in order to support policies that facilitate family reunification and prepare future researchers, human service professionals, and mental health providers for work with refugees.
Context of Family Separation and the Importance of Refugees’ Family Support
Policies enacted over the past decade have rendered refugees vulnerable within U.S. structures and systems (Quesada, Hart, & Bourgois, 2011; see Table 1). Largely unprecedented changes to the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program during this time have increased refugees’ susceptibility to poor physical, mental, and psychosocial health outcomes (Grove & Zwi, 2006; Perreira, Yoshikawa, & Oberlander, 2018; Vesely, Bravo, & Guzzardo, 2019). Many refugees experience toxic stress caused by being in a state of constant heightened fear associated with the potential for separation and deportation (Vesely et al., 2019) while also remaining at risk for increased anxiety, depression, suicidality, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013; Miller et al., 2018). Additional deleterious effects on mental and emotional well-being result from refugees’ experiences of discrimination due to increased anti-immigrant rhetoric, including Islamophobic and racist discourse that perpetuates othering and questions refugees’ (U.S.) “Americanness” through symbolic yet impermeable boundaries (e.g., race, religion; Boutwell, 2015; Gale, 2004; Grove & Zwi, 2006).
Importantly, separation from family members and loved ones is both intrinsic to the experience of forced migration and a major cause of distress in post-migration contexts. Family separation predicted depression among Sudanese refugees resettled in Australia (Schweitzer, Melville, Steel, & Lacherez, 2006). Previous and current separation from families have been suggested as criteria for refugee-specific adverse childhood experiences (R-ACE) for displaced children, to be added to the existing CDC criteria (Hanes, Sung, Mutch, & Cherian, 2017). Similarly, in a photovoice study we recently conducted with ethno-religious Yazidi women who are refugees in the U.S. Midwest (Tippens, Roselius, Khalaf, Padasas, & Kohel, 2020), family separation emerged as a central cause of emotional distress, as illustrated by the following quotes:
Most of us are tired and have low self-esteem. We are depressed because when we were scattered, it was not something we had planned for and we did not have a chance to say goodbye or to have a proper farewell. (age 63)
Whenever I am on the phone with my son . . . I know that he is alive, that ISIS has not harmed him, and that everything is all right. (age 45)
These women’s responses are consistent with existing research highlighting associations between family separation and refugees’ increased anxiety, which results in a sense of hopelessness regarding family reunification and the future in a new host country (Miller et al., 2018; Sourander, 2003).
Family networks buffer against stress and are essential to enhancing refugees’ post-migration adaptive capacity and ability to cope with such everyday and extraordinary stressors in new (re)settlement settings (Lewis, 2008; Weine et al., 2004). Family members and fictive kin provide critical emotional, informational, and material support such as housing, childcare, and access to social networks. Family members are often more trusted than individuals from the host country, social service agencies, and sometimes even individuals from one’s country of origin (Tippens, 2020). Yet it remains important for researchers and practitioners to view family support through critical theoretical lenses, as studies have demonstrated how disrupted family dynamics in post-migration contexts can exacerbate familial stress and conflict (e.g., Lewis, 2008).
Expansion of Family Detention
Year | Policy | Description |
---|---|---|
2010 | Expansion of U.S.–Mexico Border Security | The administration requested an additional $500 million for border security and the Department of Homeland Security deployed over 1,200 National Guard troops to the U.S.–Mexico border (Archibold & Lacey, 2010). |
2014 | Expansion of Family Detention | Family detention was implemented in an attempt to deter families, especially women and children, from seeking asylum in the United States (Human Rights First, 2015). In 2015, a federal court ruled that the practice violated the 1997 Flores settlement (Detention Watch Network, 2020). However, family detention was still being carried out as of Februrary 2020 (Physicians for Human Rights, 2020). |
2017 | Executive Orders 13769 and 13780: “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the U.S.” | This EO was issued with the intent to temporarily bar entry of noncitizens from seven Muslim-majority countries, including individuals vetted for U.S. refugee resettlement (Center for Migration Studies, 2020), earning it the nickname “Muslim Ban.” Although the ban was challenged, revised, and ultimately deemed constitutional, four Supreme Court justices emphasized the need for caution in its use, raising concerns about discrimination and religious bias toward refugees and immigrants (Chishti, Pierce, & Plata, 2018). |
2017 | Executive Order 13815: “Resuming the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program With Enhanced Vetting Capabilities” | This EO placed a hold on I-730 relative petitions (i.e., “follow-to-join” visas), completely halted the resettlement of Syrian refugees, banned seven other Muslim-majority countries, and implemented a subjective and potentially discriminatory vetting process for individuals of certain religions and income levels (Center for Migration Studies, 2020). |
2017 | Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Rescission | The administration announced rescission of the 2012 DACA program in 2017 (Gubernaskaya & Dreby, 2017). Under the terms of termination, no new requests or applications will be accepted. The Department of Homeland Security (2019) announced it would accept renewal requests and applications of current individuals until March 5, 2018. |
2018 | Zero-Tolerance Policy for Offenses | In April, it was announced that any individual—no exception—would be forcefully detained if crossing the U.S. border without permission (Vesely et al., 2019), which led to dramatic increases in family separation and child detention (Chishti & Bolter, 2018). |
2019 | Executive Order 13888: “Enhancing State and Local Involvement in Refugee Resettlement” | This EO required all resettlement agencies to have written consent by January 21, 2020, from all local and state officials before any future resettlement (Center for Migration Studies, 2020). After a lawsuit was brought forth by the refugee groups Church World Service, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and the Lutheran Immigration and Refugree Service, this EO was challenged by a federal district judge in Maryland as unlawful and in violation of the Refugee Act of 1980 (Allyn, 2020). |
2019 | Temporary Protected Status (TPS) Terminated | In 2017, the DHS announced the termination of TPS status for over 250,000 individuals from several previously eligible countries (Ferriss, 2017). However, in November, 2019, DHS instead chose to grant TPS status to individuals from El Salvador, Haiti, and Honduras (National Immigration Forum, 2020). |
2020 | Public Charge Rule Changes | In February, changes to the public charge rule came into effect (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2020). Under the new guidelines, situations for many refugees and their families remain in flux. |
Implications for Family Science and Refugee Resettlement
Current U.S. resettlement policies emphasize self-sufficiency, resulting in programming that primarily focuses on integration through short-term case management, job readiness, and employment (Hayes, 2019). However, these policies rarely include provisions for family support and family networks, despite evidence that they enhance well-being and social connectedness (Posselt, Eaton, Ferguson, Keegan, & Procter, 2019). We argue that family as a factor in individual refugees’ resettlement experiences should not be an afterthought but should be central to discussions on refugee integration and well-being. Family Science scholars and practitioners can contribute the following expertise in refugee resettlement:
- Research. Documenting the effects of family separation has never been more critical. In addition to traditionally used measures (e.g., Adverse Childhood Expereinces), also consider refugee-specific measures such as the R-ACE (Hanes et al., 2017) and the Refugee Health Screener (RHS-15) (Hollifield et al., 2013) to examine health risks. Qualitative inquiry is also crucial to gleaning a deep insight into refugees’ resilience, health promotion factors, and experiences and perceptions of well-being (e.g., Choummanivong, Poole, & Cooper, 2014). We also recommend identifying the needs of groups that have received less overall attention in refugee research (e.g., newcomers, older adults).
- Community-based interventions and clinical support. Practitioners are well positioned to support refugee families both in community and in clinical (e.g., family counseling) contexts. Interventions that seek to strengthen all types of family relationships (e.g., parent–child, couple, sibling) can mitigate risk (Weine et al., 2004). Furthermore, services that help ameliorate the stress of family separation associated with transnational families may improve refugees’ post-migration adaptive capacity. For example, Stewart et al. (2011) piloted a culture-based peer-support intervention among refugees from Somalia and Sudan in Canada. Participants reported increased support and self-efficacy as well as decreased loneliness. Family Science researchers could leverage cultural strengths such as intergenerational support by developing similar interventions that include children, youth, adults, and older adults (Das, 2019).
- Education and advocacy. Family scholars and practitioners are uniquely positioned to speak to the deleterious effects of family separation and the importance of family reunification. Despite compounding evidence of the harmful effects of detention on children and their caregivers (e.g., impaired cognition, anxiety, depression), the United States continues to forcibly separate families (Center for Migration Studies, 2020). Sustained advocacy might help eliminate these practices. Additionally, practitioners and policymakers can advocate for the creation of new policies and programs that support all needs of refugees and their families and remove barriers for accessing necessary social welfare services and benefits such as health care and housing. Finally, Family Science departments can consider adding new courses on refugee families while also integrating refugee-specific information into existing classes in order to build the capacity of future human service professionals and researchers to address the needs of refugees.
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